In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. Because their intention was for the student to demonstrate a soft field landing, both pilots expected the stall warning horn they heard. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. Aircraft Destroyed. Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. For the most part, Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. It just happens. The procedures and elements mastered in each step should be clearly identified in explaining or demonstrating the performance of the subsequent step, Impatience can result from instruction keyed to the pace of a slow learner when it is applied to a motivated, fast learner. When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. related to flight safety, it's in violation with the sterile cockpit rule. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight. As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. On the one hand, we're taught a good flight instructor is supposed to be able to fly and talk simultaneously. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. Put simply, the 'sterile cockpit' rules forbid any unnecessary actions or conversations taking place in the aircraft cockpit during the most critical parts of the flights. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. Pilots can improve flight safety significantly by reducing distractions during critical phases of flight. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. After a series critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. Federwisch M, Ramos H, Adams S' C. Am J Nurs. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. The controller growled a little, They landed on the airplane's belly. Many companies have already established It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications reports: The connotation "extraneous Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. ", back Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. for 'total concentration-sterile cockpit' procedures." instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. Recognising and minimising distraction should improve patient safety. Activities such as eating meals, Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get April 4, 2016 by Klauder Phil. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. When the decision-making process is presented to students, it is essential to discuss how the process applies to an actual flight situation. In fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to The instructor can correct student impatience by presenting the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. This definition also includes the pilots failure to make a decision or take action. Truly, the sterile Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. TheInternational Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)Manual on the Prevention of Runway Incursionsdefines Sterile Flight Deck as "any period of time when the flight crew should be not be disturbed, except for matters critical to the safe operation of the aircraft.". Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. -- possibly even an accident. to know you" sort of chat. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. (Click As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. when climbing above 10,000 feet. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. In briefing In spite of the existence of the However, the effects of stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they eventually add up to an intolerable burden. Generally speaking, complex operations tend to induce fatigue more rapidly than simpler procedures do, regardless of the physical effort involved. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. Conversations unrelated to the procedure occurred in 28/30 (93%) emergences. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. An implicit prerequisite for the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is the clear definition of periods of high mental workload. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. one crew member to be "out of the loop." Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Performance generally increases with the onset of stress, peaks, and then begins to fall off rapidly as stress levels exceed a persons ability to cope. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. The assessment must consider the students mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver, rather than merely the overall performance, In order for a student to be signed off for a solo flight, the CFI must determine that the student is qualified and proficient in the flight tasks necessary for the flight. about five nautical miles from the airport. problems for these crews. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. it is a very interesting idea. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. by analysts as having some relevance to the sterile cockpit rule. The FAA imposed the rule in 1981 after reviewing a series of accidents. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight.
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