According to Greenwald, Snowden's passport was valid when he departed Hong Kong but was revoked during the hours he was in transit to Moscow, preventing him from obtaining a ticket to leave Russia. "[359], On May 7, 2015, in the case of ACLU v. Clapper, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit said that Section 215 of the Patriot Act did not authorize the NSA to collect Americans' calling records in bulk, as exposed by Snowden in 2013. [448] The documentary Citizenfour directed by Laura Poitras won Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards. Edward Snowden: 'I work a lot more now than I did at the NSA' Biz Carson. He was working for the NSA up until he leaked the documents, which made himself a whistleblower. [116] According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her New York Times article about NSA whistleblower William Binney. During the first Global Encryption Day, Snowden described granting government such access as a colossal mistake. Tech companies argue that encrypting messages is crucial in maintaining privacy between individuals. "[68][69] Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, the day after he went public with his story, and 3 weeks after he had left Hawaii on a leave of absence. Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web", "U.S. and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet", "NSA uses Google cookies to pinpoint targets for hacking", "World of Spycraft: NSA and CIA Spied in Online Games", "NSA spied on World of Warcraft, Xbox Live, and Second Life gamers", "Here's what we learned about the NSA's spying programs in 2013", "NSA Officers Spy on Love Interests Washington Wire", "Top-Secret Document Reveals NSA Spied on Porn Habits As Part of Plan To Discredit 'Radicalizers', "NSA accused of spying on Brazilian oil company Petrobras", "GCHQ and NSA targeted charities, Germans, Israeli PM and EU chief", "Greenwald on Snowden Leaks: The Worst Is Yet to Come", "Only 1% of Snowden files published Guardian editor", "Snowden spy leaks: worst yet to come, says Defence Minister David Johnston", "WASHINGTON: Worlds anger at Obama policies goes beyond Europe and the NSA", "Snowden's Paper Trail: Where in the World Is the NSA? [232] No direct flights between Moscow and Venezuela, Bolivia, or Nicaragua existed, however, and the U.S. pressured countries along his route to hand him over. 2015-05-15T21:53:00Z A bookmark The letter F. An envelope. The two-count civil complaint alleged that Snowden had violated prepublication obligations related to the publication of his memoir Permanent Record. [30] His parents divorced in 2001,[31] and his father remarried. Edward Snowden, whistleblower and privacy advocate "SecureDrop depends on Qubes OS for best-in-class isolation of sensitive workloads on journalist workstations. The former colleague said Snowden was given full administrator privileges with virtually unlimited access to NSA data. Many people don't understand that I was actually an analyst and I designated individuals and groups for targeting. Define the terms "traitor" and "whistleblower" and apply the terms to Edward Snowden. What did Edward Snowden do? [157][158] The NSA was shown to be tracking the online sexual activity of people they termed "radicalizers" in order to discredit them. Probably Snowden's biggest revelation was concerning a program called PRISM, under which the National Security Agency (NSA) accesses emails, documents, photographs and other sensitive . Represented on stage by a robot with a video screen, video camera, microphones, and speakers, Snowden conversed with TED curator Chris Anderson and told the attendees that online businesses should act quickly to encrypt their websites. [183], In an August 2014 interview, Snowden for the first time disclosed a cyberwarfare program in the works, codenamed MonsterMind, that would automate the detection of a foreign cyberattack as it began and automatically fire back. Yes, Really", "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security, and Free Expression", "In exile, Edward Snowden rakes in speaking fees while hoping for a pardon", "Libreplanet 2016: The Last Lighthouse: Free Software In Dark Times", "LibrePlanet begins with Snowden, ends with DRM protest", "Edward Snowden: Privacy can't depend on corporations standing up to the government", "Snowden Used Free Software Because He Was Afraid of Backdoors in Microsoft Apps", "Against the Law: Countering Lawful Abuses of Digital Surveillance", "Edward Snowden's New Research Aims to Keep Smartphones From Betraying Their Owners", "Snowden Designs a Device to Warn if Your iPhone's Radios Are Snitching", "Edward Snowden designs phone case to show when data is being monitored", "Edward Snowden co-designs an iPhone case that alerts user to surveillance activity", "Edward Snowden has taken $1.2m in speaking fees in exile, US filing says", "Canadian whom Edward Snowden called out for past involvement in a multi-million dollar scheme says he's 'worked hard to move on', "This "quasi-criminally" charged investor invited Edward Snowden to speak at conference, and Snowden exposed him", "The Snowden Effect: definition and examples", "What the Press Should Learn From the 'Snowden Effect', "The Snowden Effect Hits Congress: Will Effective Crowdsourced Lobbying Follow? [252] Brazil's Foreign Ministry said the government planned no response to Snowden's asylum request. "[154] The NSA was shown to be secretly accessing Yahoo and Google data centers to collect information from hundreds of millions of account holders worldwide by tapping undersea cables using the MUSCULAR surveillance program. [198] Ben Wizner, a lawyer with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and legal adviser to Snowden, said in January 2014, "Every news organization in the world has been trying to confirm that story. [65][66] Snowden disputed the memo,[67] saying in January 2014, "I never stole any passwords, nor did I trick an army of co-workers. They just wanted me gone.As time went by, however, he abandoned his disguises and started moving freely around the city. [18], Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983,[19] in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. [220] Snowden had a seat reserved to continue to Cuba[221] but did not board that onward flight, saying in a January 2014 interview that he intended to transit through Russia but was stopped en route. [59] Although he has said his career high annual salary was $200,000,[60] Snowden said he took a pay cut to work at consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton,[60] where he sought employment in order to gather data and then release details of the NSA's worldwide surveillance activity. While Edward Snowden remains a highly controversial figure today, his revelations of mass global surveillance undoubtedly increased Americans' concern for data privacy. Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American and Russian former computer intelligence consultant who leaked highly classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013, for ethical reasons, when he was an employee and subcontractor. The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act. "[231], Four countries offered Snowden permanent asylum: Ecuador, Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Venezuela. ", "All nations collect intelligence, Obama says", "Transcript Of President Obama's Speech On NSA Reforms", "Obama's "Factually Incorrect" Edward Snowden Remarks: Game Over for a Pardon? He said he is seeking citizenship in Russia to. He said "a planeload of reporters documented the seat I was supposed to be in" when he was ticketed for Havana, but the U.S. canceled his passport. People initially viewed Snowdens views as treasonable, but recent polls show that many have come to appreciate his leak due to the legal reforms it inspired. Snowden added, "If they really wanted to capture me, they would've allowed me to travel to Latin America because the CIA can operate with impunity down there. The National Whistleblower Center is working tirelessly to make sure future whistleblowers who do report can do so safely and without fear of retaliation, because as Snowden said in a 2019 interview: "You have to be ready to stand for . [398], In March 2014, Snowden spoke at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Interactive technology conference in Austin, Texas, in front of 3,500 attendees. Biden had telephoned President Rafael Correa days prior to Snowden's remarks, asking the Ecuadorian leader not to grant Snowden asylum. [358], Gary Schmitt, former staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, wrote that "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection programa kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff. [192][193] Snowden also told the Post that "the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong [and] the PRC as well,"[194] going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents. [30], After attending a 2006 job-fair focused on intelligence agencies, Snowden accepted an offer for a position at the CIA. What Languages Does Edward Snowden Speak? He was voted as The Guardian's person of the year 2013, garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate. [399] Snowden said that the NSA was "setting fire to the future of the internet," and that the SXSW audience was "the firefighters. Former NSA whistleblower and privacy advocate Edward Snowden has warned users to stop using popular VPN service ExpressVPN. "[315], During a November 2016 interview with the German broadcaster ARD and the German paper Der Spiegel, then-outgoing President Obama said he "can't" pardon Edward Snowden unless he is physically submitted to US authorities on US soil. I know some have called him a hero, some have called . "[61] Despite these measures, the improper redaction of a document by The New York Times resulted in the exposure of intelligence activity against al-Qaeda. [367] He told the Parliament that the NSA was working with the security agencies of EU states to "get access to as much data of EU citizens as possible. CNN Edward Snowden, the former CIA contractor who leaked intelligence secrets in 2013, has agreed to forfeit more than $5 million he earned from his book and speaking fees to the US. [215] That same day, Julian Assange said that WikiLeaks had paid for Snowden's lodging in Hong Kong and his flight out. [15] In 2017, he married Lindsay Mills. Edward Snowden, the former National Security Agency contractor and press freedom advocate who has lived in Moscow in exile since 2013, hasn't uttered a word publicly on Russia's move to . [106], On June 14, 2015, the London Sunday Times reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's MI6 intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries. Germany and India rejected Snowden's application outright, while Austria, Ecuador, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain said he must be on their territory to apply. [278], On June 14, 2013, United States federal prosecutors filed a criminal complaint[279] against Snowden, charging him with three felonies: theft of government property and two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 (18 U. S. C. Sect. [115] Greenwald found the measures that the source asked him to take to secure their communications, such as encrypting email, too annoying to employ. Permanent Mission to the United Nations, a diplomatic mission representing U.S. interests before the UN and other international organizations, Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near Lake Geneva. What Happened: Snowden said he has "lost confidence" that. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. [201] The Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that Cuba had a change of heart after receiving pressure from U.S. officials,[223] leaving him stuck in the transit zone because at the last minute Havana told officials in Moscow not to allow him on the flight. [321][322] Shortly before the September 2016 release of his biographical thriller film Snowden, a semi-fictionalized drama based on the life of Edward Snowden with a short appearance by Snowden himself, Oliver Stone said that Snowden should be pardoned, calling him a "patriot above all" and suggesting that he should run the NSA himself. Edward Snowden (@Snowden) February 27, 2022 Permanent Residency in Russia In October 2020, Snowden received permanent residency in Russia but he has been maintaining that he has neither. The first program to be revealed was PRISM, which allows for court-approved direct access to Americans' Google and Yahoo accounts, reported from both The Washington Post and The Guardian published one hour apart. It was formally presented as the USA PATRIOT Act by Congress and signed into law by George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. [228][229][215] An anonymous U.S. official not authorized to discuss the matter told the Associated Press Snowden's passport had been revoked before he left Hong Kong, but that a senior official in a country or airline could order subordinates to overlook the withdrawn passport. "[312] Snowden disliked Obama's economic policies, was against Social Security, and favored Ron Paul's call for a return to the gold standard. "[345] In 2015, Sanders stated that "Snowden played a very important role in educating the American public" and that although Snowden should not go unpunished for breaking the law, "that education should be taken into consideration before the sentencing. MOSCOW Russian President Vladimir Putin has granted Russian citizenship to former U.S. security contractor Edward Snowden, according to a decree signed Monday by the Russian leader. A potential return to the United States seemed possible as, in August 2020, President Trump flirted with the idea of pardoning Snowden. [30] Snowden looked into mass surveillance in China which prompted him to investigate and then expose Washington's mass surveillance program after he was asked in 2009 to brief a conference in Tokyo. [30] Rather than returning to school, he passed the GED test[12] and took classes at Anne Arundel Community College. Snowden and Mills wed in 2017 in a Russian courthouse. His second request, under President Emmanuel Macron, was favorably received by Justice Minister Nicole Belloubet. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested for drunk driving, a CIA operative offered to help in exchange for the banker becoming an informant. [361][362], In an official report published in October 2015, the United Nations special rapporteur for the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of speech, Professor David Kaye, criticized the U.S. government's harsh treatment of, and bringing criminal charges against, whistleblowers, including Edward Snowden. 32. [449], NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Dell, NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Booz Allen Hamilton, Potential impact on U.S. national security, Eric Holder letter to Russian Justice Minister, Government Communications Security Bureau, U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, U.S. "[320] Top members of the House Armed Services Committee immediately voiced strong opposition to a pardon, saying Snowden's actions resulted in "tremendous harm" to national security, and that he needed to stand trial. [9] In September 2022, Snowden was granted Russian citizenship by President Vladimir Putin,[10] and on 2 December 2022 he swore the oath of allegiance. It indicates the ability to send an email. Edward Snowden @Snowden. [360], On September 2, 2020, a US federal court ruled that the US intelligence's mass surveillance program, exposed by Edward Snowden, was illegal and possibly unconstitutional. According to Snowden, he did not indiscriminately turn over documents to journalists, stating that "I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. In a December interview with Fox News, Rogers said Snowden "did some things capability-wise that was beyond his capabilities.". On-stage moderators were Christopher Soghoian and Snowden's legal counsel Wizner, both from the ACLU. He was able to travel around Russia and make a living from speaking arrangements, locally and over the internet. Apparently, under an agreement with the Danish government, a US government jet lay in wait on standby in Copenhagen, to transfer Snowden back to the United States from any Scandinavian country. [109] Gus Hosein, executive director of Privacy International, criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public became concerned about privacy only after Snowden's disclosures. Ilyushina, Mary. "[162] In November, The Guardian's editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger said that only one percent of the documents had been published. At age 20, he listed Buddhism as his religion on a military recruitment form, noting that the choice of agnostic was "strangely absent. Learn more about it below. After living in Russia for years to avoid prosecution in the U.S., former U.S. national security contractor Edward Snowden said he wants to obtain Russian citizenship for a very personal reason . Is Snowden on Netflix? [39] After distinguishing himself as a junior employee on the top computer team, Snowden was sent to the CIA's secret school for technology specialists, where he lived in a hotel for six months while studying and training full-time. With all due respect, I just can't imagine it," said Maurer. It's now almost two years on, since that fateful day at the Mira Hotel in Hong Kong when Edward Snowden divulged secret NSA documents detailing unlawful and on-going spying programs carried out . They turn around in their chair and they show a co-worker and sooner or later this person's whole life has been seen by all of these other people. He spoke to journalists in 2013 and then received asylum from Russia. [136], On June 5, 2013, media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year. [104], In June 2014, the NSA's recently installed director, U.S. Navy Admiral Michael S. Rogers, said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that "the sky is falling. "The fact is I was getting paid an extraordinary amount of money for very little work [at the NSA] with very little in the way of qualifications . [224] The Washington Post contrasted this version with what it called "widespread speculation" that Russia never intended to let Snowden proceed. [301] In November 2020, Snowden announced that he and his wife, Lindsay, who was expecting their son in late December, were applying for dual U.S.-Russian citizenship in order not to be separated from him "in this era of pandemics and closed borders. [30] U.S. officials and other sources familiar with the investigation said Snowden began downloading documents describing the government's electronic spying programs while working for Dell in April 2012. locations. [118] "I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded," he said. Snowden, speaking to a Geneva, Switzerland audience via video link from Moscow, said he would love to return to Geneva, where he had previously worked undercover for the CIA. Edward Snowden flees Hong Kong seeking asylum: After the US filed charges against him and stepped up efforts to pressure Hong Kong to extradite him, whistleblower Edward Snowden flees Hong. Snowden then contacted documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013. [32], In the early 1990s, while still in grade school, Snowden moved with his family to the area of Fort Meade, Maryland. [119], Snowden communicated using encrypted email,[116] and going by the codename "Verax". . According to Finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman Tytti Pylkk, Snowden made an asylum request to Finland by sending an application to the Finnish embassy in Moscow while he was confined to the transit area of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, but was told that Finnish law required him to be on Finnish soil. We can't tolerate that. [91] Edward Snowden is best known for leaking documents proving the existence of US mass surveillance. In May 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong, where he presented journalists with drives containing thousands of NSA documents. Edward Snowden sparked huge sensational news stories and debates over the groundbreaking revelation of the massive surveillance program that was authorized by Congress and the president of the United States of America. [264] On July 24, Kucherena said his client wanted to find work in Russia, travel and create a life for himself, and had already begun learning Russian. [15]) In 2017, Snowden secretly married Lindsay Mills. But they're extremely attractive. Poitras, who won best documentary for the 2014 Edward Snowden film "Citizenfour," juxtaposes exchanges with Goldin surveying her life and work with footage of Goldin leading dramatic protests . Fears Edward Snowden May Defect to China: Sources", "Exclusive: Snowden as a teen online: anime and cheeky humor", "For Snowden, a Life of Ambition, Despite the Drifting", "U.S. whistleblower Edward Snowden's wife shares photos of their new son", "Army Enlisted Job Descriptions and Qualification Factors: 18X Special Forces Enlistment Option", "In Declassified Edward Snowden Report, Committee Walks Back Claims About 'Intentional Lying', "Edward Snowden did enlist for special forces, US army confirms", "University-Affiliated Research Center Laboratories (UARCs)", "Investigators looking into how Snowden gained access at NSA", "Police detain reporters, stop them from photographing alleged NSA facility where Snowden worked", "Edward Snowden Scandal: CIA Sent Him Home But NSA Hired Him Later", "Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker? Documents leaked by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden conclusively prove that the United States has been ruled by a race of tall, white space aliens who also assisted the rise of Nazi Germany in. WHISTLEBLOWER and former US intelligence contractor, Edward Snowden, was granted Russian citizenship by President Vladimir Putin on September 26, 2022. What does Edward Snowden think the future will look like with a President Donald Trump at the helm of the US National Security Agency? [206][207][208] Hong Kong authorities said that Snowden had not been detained for the U.S. because the request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law[209][210] and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving. Assigned to an NSA facility at Yokota Air Base near Tokyo, Snowden instructed top officials and military officers on how to defend their networks from Chinese hackers. The non-binding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance and included a symbolic declaration of the right of all individuals to online privacy. Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey". [409], In 2015, Snowden earned over $200,000 from digital speaking engagements in the U.S.[410], On March 19, 2016, Snowden delivered the opening keynote address of the LibrePlanet conference, a meeting of international free software activists and developers presented by the Free Software Foundation. Harrison accompanied Snowden as he met with Russian officials reportedly in the Kremlin consulate and WikiLeaks bought his ticket to Moscow on June 23. So it's, I would say, illustrative that the president would choose to say someone should face the music when he knows the music is a show trial. "[73] Snowden subsequently told Wired that while at Dell in 2011, "I would sit down with the CIO of the CIA, the CTO of the CIA, the chiefs of all the technical branches. [30], In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security. Who Is Edward Snowden? Edward Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is a computer programmer who worked as a subcontractor for the National Security Agency (NSA). "[181], In March 2014, documents disclosed by Glenn Greenwald writing for The Intercept showed the NSA, in cooperation with the GCHQ, has plans to infect millions of computers with malware using a program called TURBINE. His actions harmed our relationships around the world,. He was looking around the house for his body.. A closer look at Mikes love life, Edward wrote on Twitter alongside a photo of himself, Isabella Russos ethnicity Her Asian roots explained, What is Ines Tazis ethnicity? Snowden applied for asylum in Austria,[370] Italy[371] and Switzerland. Living in Russia [86] In June 2014, the NSA said it had not been able to find any records of Snowden raising internal complaints about the agency's operations. Without any judicial order, the administration now seeks to stop me exercising a basic right. These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book Whistleblowing Nation, published in March 2020,[89] an adaptation of which[90] also appeared on Lawfare Blog in March 2019. 1:13 CR 265 (0MH)). Yahoo News estimates that the former NSA contractor made about $200,000 from these remote speaking engagements just within the last year. Circuit Judge Gerard E. Lynch wrote that, given the national security interests at stake, it was prudent to give Congress an opportunity to debate and decide the matter. The analysis[clarification needed] includes the charges against Snowden, among several other cases. In Klayman v. Obama, Judge Richard J. Leon referred to the NSA's "almost-Orwellian technology" and ruled the bulk telephone metadata program to be likely unconstitutional. "[347], At the end of 2013, The Washington Post said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing. Show replies. He described the NSA's PRISM program as the U.S. government using businesses to collect data for them, and that the NSA "intentionally misleads corporate partners" using, as an example, the Bullrun decryption program to create backdoor access. Snowden collected top-secret. [23] Snowden's father, Lonnie, was a warrant officer in the Coast Guard,[24] and his mother, Elizabeth, was a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. Mills wrote that the FBI suspected that shed killed Snowden. After working with the CIA and at the NSA, in 2013 he fled the US and leaked thousands of classified NSA documents, revealing highly secret government information to the world. "[363][364] The European Parliament invited Snowden to make a pre-recorded video appearance to aid their NSA investigation. However, no other members of the French government were known to express support for Snowden's asylum request, possibly due to the potential adverse diplomatic consequences. [7] In a July 1 statement, Snowden said, "Although I am convicted of nothing, [the U.S. government] has unilaterally revoked my passport, leaving me a stateless person. [18], On June 2, 2015, the U.S. Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the USA Freedom Act which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies. [251] Poland refused to process his application because it did not conform to legal procedure. He said he'd worked for the NSA undercover overseas, and for the DIA had developed sources and methods to keep information and people secure "in the most hostile and dangerous environments around the world. Snowden first applied unsuccessfully for asylum in France in 2013, under then French President Franois Hollande. "[30], Snowden first contemplated leaking confidential documents around 2008 but held back, partly because he believed the newly elected Barack Obama might introduce reforms. ", "Wie die CIA sich in Genf Bankdaten beschaffte", "Swiss president would back criminal probe against NSA leaker", "How Edward Snowden went from loyal NSA contractor to whistleblower", "Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say", "How China's surveillance state was a mirror to the US for whistle-blower Edward Snowden", "Rsum Shows Snowden Honed Hacking Skills", "What Was Edward Snowden Doing in India? [128] The NSA reporting by these journalists also earned The Guardian and The Washington Post the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service[129] for exposing the "widespread surveillance" and for helping to spark a "huge public debate about the extent of the government's spying". [120], After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures. What did Edward Snowden do after he blew the whistle? He's already creating a stir (+video)", "The Snowden files: why the British public should be worried about GCHQ", The Promise of May, the Betrayal of June, and the Larger Lesson of Manning and Snowden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&oldid=1142448925, Revealed classified U.S. Government surveillance programs; in exile in Russia since May 20, 2013, 18 U.S.C.
List Of Level 3 Prisons In Ohio,
Pixie Urban Dictionary,
Melissa Manchester Husband,
Protects The Superior Opening Of The Larynx,
Articles W